Spatio-Temporal Variability and Equity in Urban Water Distribution: Insights from Uyo Capital City, Nigeria

Abstract

The provision of pipe-borne water is critical to ensuring access to clean and safe water, particularly
in urban centres. This study investigates the spatio-temporal distribution of pipe-borne water
supply in Uyo Capital City, Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria. The research aims to assess the extent,
pattern, and variability of water distribution over time and across different locations within the city.
A mixed-methods approach was adopted, combining spatial analysis using Geographic Information
System (GIS) tools and household surveys to collect data on water access, reliability, and
distribution infrastructure. The study also involved interviews with water utility authorities and
local stakeholders to understand the challenges facing water supply systems in the city. The findings
indicate that the distribution of pipe-borne water in Uyo is uneven, with certain areas receiving
more consistent water supply than others. Peripheral regions of the city are particularly
disadvantaged, experiencing irregular water access, while central districts tend to have better
coverage and reliability. Temporal analysis reveals that water supply fluctuates significantly over
different periods of the day, with early mornings and late evenings showing the highest water
availability. This inconsistency in water supply is attributed to outdated infrastructure, population
growth, and inefficient management practices within the water utility system. Additionally, the
study highlights the socio-economic disparities in access to pipe-borne water, with wealthier
neighborhoods generally having better access compared to poorer areas. The research concludes that
the spatio-temporal distribution of water supply in Uyo Capital City poses significant challenges to
equitable access and sustainability. It recommends that the government and relevant authorities
invest in upgrading water infrastructure, particularly in underserved areas. The study also
suggests the implementation of more efficient water management practices, the use of smart
technologies for monitoring water distribution, and community engagement in water resource
management. These steps are essential for improving access to pipe-borne water in Uyo and
ensuring a more equitable and sustainable water supply system for its residents.